(1933-2020 in Krakow, Poland), the most famous post-war Polish composer, conductor, and pedagogue, whose output from the 1960s is classified as post-serial avant-garde music. The emotional effects of compositions from this period attracted the interest of many film directors worldwide, such as S. Kubrick, D. Lynch, and M. Scorsese. Penderecki was one of the first composers to use the technique of extracting sound by non-traditional means from traditional instruments, which came to be known as sonorism